A participle is a verb used as an adjective or an adverb.
The present active participle refers to an action taking place currently or repeatedly. It essentially replaces который which.
star2 Uses imperfective aspect
star2 Matches gender, number, and case
| Remove last letter of 3rd person plural (они) form, add щий |
|---|
| играть → играют → играющий |
| мальчик, который сидит на диване → мальчик сидящий на диване the boy sitting on the couch |
| громче той кошки, которой мяукает → громче той мяукающей кошки louder than that meowing cat |
The present passive participle is similar to the present active, but represents an action being performed on rather than by a subject. It also has another function, similar to the English suffix -able.
star2 Uses imperfective aspect
star2 Matches gender, number, and case
| Add adjective ending to 1st person plural (мы) form |
|---|
| любить → любим → любимый |
| шоу, который снимают в Японий
→ шоу снимаемый в Японий
the show filmed in Japan without using the participle, the verb is in 3rd person plural: they film the show. |
| с несокрушимой решимостей with unbreakable determination |
The present adverbal participle describes when an action occured, expressing things happening simultaneously- usually in the past It can replace когда when in a sentence.
star2 Uses imperfective aspect
star2 Does not change with gender, number, or case
| Add я to conjugated verb stem |
|---|
| танцевать → танцую → танцуя |
| когда солнце садилось → садясь солнцеwhile the sun was setting |
| Когда Катя шла домой, она увидела коров и овец. → Идя домой, Катя увидела коров и овец. While walking home, Katya saw cows and sheep. |
The past active participle is similar to the present active in that it essentially replaces который; however, it describes an action which took place in the past.
star2 Uses perfective aspect to express an action taking place before another
star2 Uses imperfective aspect to express actions taking place simultaneously
star2 Matches gender, number, and case
| Add (в)ший to verb stem star2 Add вший to stems ending in й, в, м, н, or any vowel |
|---|
| нести → несший |
| Мужчина, который купил газету, начал ее читать. → Купивший газету мужчина начал ее читать. The man who bought the newspaper began to read it. |
| Собаки, которые лаяли, бежали по площадке. → Лаявшие собаки бежали по площадке. The barking dogs were running around the yard. |
The past active participle is similar to the present passive, but in the past.
star2 Uses perfective aspect to express an action taking place before another
star2 Uses imperfective aspect to express actions taking place simultaneously
star2 Uses short form to function as a verb in a perfective passive sentence
star2 Matches gender, number, and case
| Add н(ный), ен(ный), or т(ый) to verb stem star2 Add н(ный) to stems ending in а(й) |
|---|
| писать → писанный |
| Еда, которая принесли, была вкусная. → Принесенная еда была вкусная. The food that was brought was delicious. |
| он был забыт he was forgotten |
The past adveral participle indicates an action taking place before the main verb. It can replace после after in a sentence.
star2 Uses perfective aspect
star2 Does not change with gender, number, or case
| Add в or ши to verb stem star2 Add в to vowel |
|---|
| узнать → узнав |
| После решили тайну, мы наконец смогли поспать → Решив тайну, мы наконец смогли поспать Having solved the mystery, we could finally sleep |
| После спас принцессу, рыцарь уехал → Спасши принцессу, рыцарь уехал Having saved the princess, the knight rode off |